SNCA and Parkinson disease: Additionally, it has been suggested that different gene mutations, such as SNCA, LRRK 2, or DJ-1, stimulate inflammation by activating microglia and astrocytes, thus aggravating the loss of dopaminergic neurons and chronic neurodegeneration in patients with PD (Gillardon et al., 2012; Moehle et al., 2012; Harms et al., 2013; Nash et al., 2017).