TNF and COVID-19: Although a recent report suggested that inhibition of the TNFα–NF-κB pathway may have protective effects in COVID-19,124 caution should be applied based on two aspects: (1) as mentioned above, the roles of TNFα in COVID-CS is still undefined; (2) blocking NF-κB nonspecifically may simultaneously impair its protective functions in cellular homeostasis, as exemplified by a general suppression on innate immunity.148