LEP and cardiovascular disorder: In human patients, an adiponectin:leptin ratio ≥ 1.0 is considered healthy, 0.5 – 1.0 considered moderate risk, while values < 0.5 are associated with a high risk of lethal comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease and cancer (Gong et al, 2015; Frühbeck et al, 2018; Frühbeck et al, 2019).