CD38 and cancer: In accordance with the reported defects in germinal center formation in secondary lymphoid organs of severe COVID-19 [28], LVS cancer patients exhibited increased recirculation of activated CXCR5+PD-1high CD4+ follicular T-helper cells (TFH) expressing ICOS and CD38 (Fig. 2C, left panel), as well as a marked rise in plasmablasts (defined as CD19low CD27hi CD38hi) at the expense of transitional B (CD24+CD38hiCD19+) and double-negative B cells (IgD-CD27-CD19+) (Fig. 2C, right panel, Fig. S4C and Fig. 2D).