CD8A and cancer: In order to identify whether continuous HIFU or pHIFU exposure parameters are most likely to provide anti-cancer effects with immunotherapy, preliminary experiments showed that treatment with pHIFU resulted in increased CD8+ T cells in the blood of subjects relative to sham-exposed subjects 6 days after treatment, whereas continuous HIFU exposures (P− = 9 MPa, f = 1.5 MHz, t = 2 s, d.c. = 100%) did not (electronic supplementary material, figure S9).