Genes for lymphotoxin β (Ltb), C–X–C motif chemokine ligand 13 (Cxcl13), and C–C motif chemokine ligand 19 (Ccl19) were highly expressed in the TLS compared with the tumor or healthy tissue dissected from the same brain (Fig. 1p–r), while the gene for C–C motif chemokine ligand 21 (Ccl21) was expressed at a similar level (Supplementary Fig. 1k). This evidence concerns the gene CCL19 and neoplasm.