DES and hydrops fetalis: The aim of the present study was therefore to decipher the kinases involved in the phosphorylation of desmin and to investigate the contribution of the different proteolytic systems such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) [20] in the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated desmin aggregates in human and experimental HF.