Another study in 2018 identified that the predominant bacterial phyla associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) were Bacteroidetes (ETBF) and Firmicutes (pks+ E. coli), classifying them as “drivers”.33 Further, the study suggests that co-colonization with ETBF and pks+ E. coli, promotes carcinogenesis through mucus degradation which enables adherence of more pks+ E. coli, inducing increased colonic epithelial cell DNA damage by colibactin and the production of IL-17 by ETBF. This evidence concerns the gene ARAF and Familial adenomatous polyposis.