Differences between transcriptional profiles of CD8+CD69+CD103+ T cells between healthy control subjects and active CD patients were mainly found in the epithelium (disease-specific genes: 185 genes in the CD epithelium, 94 genes in the CD lamina propria, and 14 and 42 genes for healthy control subjects, respectively) (Figure 6A; Supplementary Table 1). Here, CD69 is linked to Cowden disease.