GAD1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In another LADA study, a 46% risk reduction was noted in men and women consuming greater than 25 g/day.34 The effect appeared to be strongest in patients with low anti-GAD Ab levels and was restricted to wine drinkers compared to beer or liquor consumers.34 The authors surmised that patients with low anti-GAD Ab levels may be most similar to patients with type 2 diabetes, and it may be polyphenols and hydroxystilbenes in wine that promote anti-oxidative or anti-inflammatory effects of alcohol in autoimmunity.34