Third, pre-injury diabetes mellitus, which had an estimated prevalence of 4.9% in the United States in 1990 and an estimated global prevalence of 9.3% in 2019, is another potential cause of hyperglycemia in individuals with neurotrauma.10,11 Fourth, pituitary and hypothalamic dysfunction has multiple effects on the stress response, and directly affects glucose homeostasis, hepatic gluconeogenesis, and insulin sensitivity.10 Here, INS is linked to Hyperglycemia.