INS and Hyperglycemia: The etiology of hyperglycemia after central nervous system (CNS) injury is multi-factorial.10 First, stress-induced hyperglycemia is considered an adaptive immune-neurohormonal response to stress involving two mechanisms: 1) enhanced glycogenolysis and hypermetabolism induced by secretion of stress hormones such as catecholamine, cortisol, glucagon, and growth hormone after activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic autonomic nervous system; and 2) transient increase in insulin resistance as another catecholamine-related effect.10