In the context of factors that modify pathology or its consequences, resistance and resilience refer to two important principles12: Resistance can be understood as avoiding pathology, i.e. exhibiting no major (or less than expected) pathological measures, like tau tangles in the case of Alzheimer’s disease or white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in CSVD. Here, MAPT is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.