TNF and hemophagocytic syndrome: HLH is a life-threatening syndrome characterised by hyperinflammation caused by an uncontrolled and ineffective immune response, in which activated T lymphocytes and macrophages accumulate in organs, and produce high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6, resulting in tissue damage and organ failure (110, 111).