There are only a few oncogenic drivers in NSCLC having commercially available or promising targeted therapies, including alterations in EGFR, ALK,ROS1, BRAF, MET, RET, ERBB2, NTRK, and KRAS. Although these drivers were considered mutually exclusive previously (33), increasing evidence demonstrated that a minority of NSCLCs harbored co-occurring potentially actionable alterations (17, 34–36), whose overall characteristics remained largely unknown due to the small sample size of previous reports. This evidence concerns the gene KRAS and non-small cell lung carcinoma.