As a major breakthrough in cancer therapy, immunotherapies represented by immunological checkpoint blockade (PD-1/L1 and CTLA-4) proved promising clinical efficacy, and previous study proved that combination treatment with anti-PD-1 antibodies and sorafenib exhibited a more potent antitumor effect, but only a small number of patients could achieve durable responses [31, 32], so in the present study, we also explored whether the risk signature could predict patients' response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy in an anti-PD-1 cohort of GSE78220. Here, CTLA4 is linked to cancer.