Oxidative stress and VSMC dysfunction contribute to the pathogenesis of AAA, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is involved in AAA formation; PPARγ is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors, which increases gene expression when binding to DNA; loss of PPARγ expression has been demonstrated to promote AAA, and activation of PPARγ attenuates AAA formation [49, 60, 61]. Here, PPARG is linked to triple-A syndrome.