Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a negative regulator of cellular autophagy and it has been shown that 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) upregulates microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 II (LC3-II) in a PD model, while downregulation lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1, lysosomal structural protein) indicates that an impairment of lysosomes and the interruption of autophagosome-lysosome fusion may lead to an accumulation of autophagosomes in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of MPTP mice [58]. Here, LAMP1 is linked to Parkinson disease.