TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Miranda-Carús et al. found that T cells from peripheral blood of patients with early RA express the Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor κ B Ligand (RANKL) and IL-15 on the cell surface, which promotes osteoclastogenesis of autologous monocytes; ﻿this process was inhibited by osteoprotegerin (OPG) and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against IL-15, IL-17, TNF-α, and IL-1β (48).