Furthermore, Mel inhibited the destruction and resorption of subchondral bones by downregulating RANKL expression and osteoclastogenesis, as numerous studies have reported the interaction of cartilages and subchondral bones in osteoarthritis (Funck-Brentano and Cohen-Solal, 2011; Karsdal et al., 2014). Here, TNFSF11 is linked to osteoarthritis.