GCG and osteoporosis: Montes Castillo et al. (2019) found that postprandial GLP-1 levels are related to osteoporosis risk in non-diabetic postmenopausal women. The result showed that GLP-1 are associated with reduced osteoporosis risk in the crude logistic regression analysis (p = 0.031) in non-diabetic postmenopausal women.