INS and Alzheimer disease: Given the important role insulin plays in brain physiology, it is not surprising that cerebral hypoinsulinemia, caused by peripheral insulin resistance, or cerebral insulin resistance per se are an important risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (Baura et al., 1996; Matsuzaki et al., 2010; Willette et al., 2015b, c; Ekblad et al., 2017; Kong et al., 2018).