INS and Alzheimer disease: Both DM2 and cognitive impairment share gene expression networks that are enriched in genes involved in inflammation and PI3K-Akt signaling (Potashkin et al., 2019), and direct analysis of post-mortem brain samples revealed impaired insulin- and IGF1-triggered signaling in human and mouse AD brain samples (Bomfim et al., 2012; Talbot et al., 2012).