MAP2K7 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: Combined autophagy inhibition by hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and MEK/ERK inhibitors showed enhanced antitumor activity in vivo.209,210 Although autophagy is usually regulated by nutrient and oxygen availability, pancreatic cancer cells often display high basal levels of autophagic flux even under nutrient-rich conditions.211 Pancreatic cancer cells use autophagy to obtain glucose and amino acids from catabolized substrates to fuel the citric acid cycle (TCA) cycle, OXPHOS, and ATP biosynthesis.