At the same time, in our previous study where RNA‐seq was performed on TGFβ1‐treated and untreated ESCC cells [34], we found that a total of 3084 genes were upregulated (Log2FC > 0, FDR < 0.05) (Fig. 1B). Here, TGFB1 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.