GDF11 and intracerebral hemorrhage: Xiao et al. reported that exogenous GDF11 alleviates intracerebral hemorrhage-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage in the perihematomal tissues of mice [42], while Garrido-Moreno et al. noted that GDF-11 attenuates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by preventing the loss of communication between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria [43].