Along with these reports, prior work from our group has shown that IUGR causes dysregulation of key developmental signaling pathways such as NPY(neuropeptide Y)/PKC(protein kinase C), IL-6/AMPKα and TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) signaling as well as the associated inflammatory response (178, 179, 242). The gene discussed is NPY; the disease is fetal growth restriction.