TNF and cancer: Furthermore, CBLEB reversed downregulation of 14 signaling pathways caused by cyclophosphamide, including five signal transduction pathways (the MAPK, Rap1, Hedgehog, TGF-beta, and TNF pathways), four disease-related signaling pathways (transcriptional misregulation in cancer, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, and Yersinia infection), and some other important pathways (e.g., the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway) (Figure 5A).