INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The most prevalent subgroups are Type 1DM (T1DM) and Type 2DM (T2DM), comprising most of the diabetic population in the U.S. T1DM is characterized by low insulin production due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic B cells, while T2DM is a cellular state of insulin resistance due to prolonged exposure to hyperglycemia.