CD14+ monocytes from AD patients expressed lower IRAK-1 and higher IRAK-M levels at the time of admission, but their levels were recovered to a similar level as those of healthy donors (Fig. 2C,D), whereas the expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 was not different between healthy controls and ADs (Fig. 2E,F). Here, CD274 is linked to Alzheimer disease.