The post hoc test revealed that patients with SUD and comorbid MDD had significantly lower G-CSF concentrations than control subjects (p < 0.01) [back-transformation of estimated marginal means: 934.8 (95% CI 388.7–1480.8) pg/mL and 2007.5 (95% CI 1661.5–2353.5) pg/mL, respectively]. Here, CSF3 is linked to major depressive disorder.