Ongoing and future work will need to consider using transgenic mice with either human tau, amyloid precursor protein, or TDP-43 to potentially facilitate recapitulation of human phenotypes.108–110 Clearly, other factors contribute to neurodegeneration in pre-clinical models, given that chronic cognitive deficits have been reported to persist after TBI in the absence of neuronal death or overt tau, amyloid, or other proteinopathy pathology.70,111,112. This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and amyloidosis.