TLR4 and inflammatory bowel disease: Dendritic cells, on the other hand, display enhanced activation in IBD with upregulated expression of microbial antigen receptors, such as TLR2 and TLR4, and activation markers, such as CD40 [36]; this results in activation of lymphocytic cells as well as endothelial cells, which leads to enhanced expression of inflammatory signals, cytokines and chemokines that mobilize the leukocytic compartment to the site of inflammation.