Alveolar macrophages, as one of the major players of the inflammatory microenvironment in COPD, also produce EVs rich in cytokines, inflammatory mediators such as IL-8, MCP-1, and ICAM-1, or proteases such as MMP-14, thereby promoting emphysema by degrading collagen [129]. Here, CXCL8 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.