TNF and sclerosing cholangitis: 3-IAld-MP also slightly reduced the porphyrin plugs in the liver (Figure 2C,D) as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-17A, INF-γ, and, partially, TNF-α, (Figure 2E), a finding suggesting that preventing DDC uptake and restraining inflammation are both likely mechanisms underlying the efficacy of 3-IAld in murine sclerosing cholangitis.