An altered level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1α, IL-1b, IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 a (MIP-1a), MIP-1b and TNFα) or chemokines has been reported in CML BM niches, and this was found not to be fully corrected upon TKI-induced remission [113,114]. Here, TNF is linked to chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive.