TGFB1 and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Since abnormal upregulation of BMP and TGFβ has been identified in our previous study as pathogenesis leading to myotube defects in Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD) [9], we next evaluated the combinational treatment as a possible therapeutics for potentiating the ability of DMD patient’s iPSC-derived myoblasts for the myotube formation (Figure 5f).