For example, in mice, a genetic deficiency of Il-1β decreases atherosclerosis development [30], while in pigs, repeated perivascular administration of recombinant IL-1β speeded up the development of vascular disease by enhancing the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including CCL-2, and by stimulating the endothelial expression of adhesion molecules, such as VCAM-1 [31]. Here, CCL2 is linked to atherosclerosis.