Interestingly, despite the non-colocalization of BiP with LC3β puncta in IPF lungs and insignificant co-localization of XBP1 with LC3β puncta in both IPF and non-IPF lungs, the total labeling of BiP, XBP1, LC3β puncta, and cleaved caspase-3 as independent measures was significantly elevated in IPF lungs compared to non-IPF lungs (Figure 1G–J). Here, XBP1 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.