HK2 and colorectal carcinoma: In conclusion, the Warburg effect in CRC is the result of the interaction of many processes, such as: activation of signaling pathways (e.g., PI3K/Akt/mTORC, TGF-β/PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and Raf/MAPK), activation of glucose transporters (mainly GLUT1), and key glycolytic enzymes (e.g., LDHA, LDH5, HK II, and PFKFB3), aberrant expression of oncogenes (e.g., MYC, and KRAS) and overexpression of signaling proteins (e.g., HIF-1α and HIF-1β, TGF-β1, PI3K, ERK, Akt, and mTOR).