WISP1 regulates the expression of VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion protein 1) in PCa cells and integrin α4β1 in osteoblasts, as pre-treatment of PCa cells with VCAM-1 antibody or α4β1 antibody to osteoblasts attenuates the capacity of PCa cell adherence to osteoblasts [58]. Here, VCAM1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.