We also need to molecularly deconstruct and functionally monitor the ability of silibinin to regulate the immune-escape mechanisms of lung cancer cells (and/or brain metastasis-initiating lung cancer cells), to influence the response to T-cells, and to interact with immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies) in therapy-resistant lung carcinomas. The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is lung carcinoma.