In addition, it was found in previous in vitro experiments that L. ruminis can induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-8 [10,11,12], and in the current work, L. ruminis FXJWS27L3 and L. ruminis FXJSW17L1 can down-regulate the pro-inflammatory cytokines to exert its anti-inflammatory effect on DSS-induced colitis. Here, TNF is linked to colitis.