In addition to the well-documented role of PD-L1 in suppressing the anti-tumour immune response by interacting with PD1 receptor on T-cells and subsequently inactivating T-cells, recent studies have reported a distinct tumour-intrinsic role for PD-L1 in regulating CSCs, EMT, motility, metastasis and drug resistance, including resistance to Sorafenib [61,85]. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.