TNF and malnutrition: Increased levels of duodenal IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22, CXCL5 due to malnutrition—together with decreased levels of TNFα, IL-12, TGFβ and CXCL10 and elevated levels of IgA due to infection—revealed that the duodenum was sensitive to both variables and suggested local inflammation in malnourished animals.