A study published in December 2018 identified TFE3/IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/mTOR as a potential altered pathway in TFE3-tRCC and suggested a potential inhibition of this axis with a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor [79]. Here, MTOR is linked to renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocations/TFE3 gene fusions.