ICAM1 and renal fibrosis: In addition, Shimizu et al. further demonstrated that IS-activated NF-κB and subsequent superoxide generation significantly increase the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)—an adhesion molecule expressed in HK-2 cells and hypertensive animals that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of tubulointerstitial injury and renal fibrosis [89].