Moreover, recent studies have shown that ISG15, UBE1L, UBE2L6 and HERC5 are tightly regulated by nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)–an immunological protein complex that is involved in controlling diverse cellular responses to viral infection including cytokine production, DNA transcriptional regulation and interferon activation [33]. The gene discussed is ISG15; the disease is viral infectious disease.