TLR4 and Sepsis: For example, paclitaxel can significantly alleviate cercal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced acute lung injury in septic mice and in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated lung type II epithelial cell line A549 by activating MUC1 and inhibiting the TLR-4/nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway [45].MUC1 can also inhibit TLR-4 expression by stabilizing hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, thereby alleviating sepsis-induced lung injury and protecting organ function [46].