A mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of immunomodulatory molecules in these EVs, including TGFb1, nectin-2 and PVR, the former identified as responsible for the downregulation of NK-activating receptors, reduced glucose uptake and decreased cytokine production in PDA, as well as hypoxic lung and leukemia cancer models [143], and found in greater quantities in PDA patient serum EVs compared to healthy subjects. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Patent ductus arteriosus.