NEFL and Cognitive impairment: In contrast to the negative findings reported in the abovementioned longitudinal study on the value of blood NfL for the prediction of cognitive impairment in small-vessel disease patients [28], the study by Stokowska et al. found that elevated blood NfL levels were a positive predictor of cognitive improvement, but only in the subgroup of individuals who received rhythm- and music-based therapy, a multimodal neurorehabilitative intervention which predominantly targets the cognitive domain [11] (Figure 1C).