THBS1 and neoplasm: Hardcastle et al. hypothesized that incorporating an extracellular fragment of the brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1), vasculostatin (Vstat120), in RAMBO would counter the downregulation of thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) and the increased cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61) integrin activation in the TME, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor efficacy [76].